OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Median Center

Posted on March 22, 2017 by clubdebambos

(Open Source Geospatial Python)

The ‘What is it?’

Also known as the Center of Minimum Distance, the Median Center is a location that is the shortest total distance to all features in the study area (not to be confused with the Central Feature, which is the feature that is the shortest distance to all others). It can be used to find a suitable location for something that needs to be centrally located. The Median Center will gravitate towards an area with the most features.

The Median Center is good for finding the most accessible location.

The Formula!

The is no single formula or equation for calculating an exact Median Center, according to Andy Mitchell it is an iterative process involving calculating the Mean Center, summing the distances from it to each feature, offsetting the center slightly and summing the distances again until it eventually zones in on the optimum location that has the lowest sum.

The code below implements the Yehuda Vardi and Cun-Hui Zhang algorithm or the Weiszfeld algorithm.

The Code…

import math, sys
import numpy as np
from osgeo import ogr
from scipy.spatial.distance import cdist

## "W" for Weiszfield
## "YC" for Yehuda Vardi and Cun-Hui Zhang
algorithm = "YC"

## Weiszfield
## https://gist.github.com/endolith/2837160
def numersum(test_median,dataPoint):
    ## Provides the denominator of the weiszfeld algorithm depending on whether
    ## you are adjusting the candidate x or y
    return 1/math.sqrt((test_median[0]-dataPoint[0])**2 + (test_median[1]-dataPoint[1])**2)

def denomsum(test_median, xy_arr):
    ## Provides the denominator of the weiszfeld algorithm
    temp = 0.0
    for i in range(0,len(xy_arr)):
        temp += 1/math.sqrt((test_median[0] - xy_arr[i][0])**2 + (test_median[1] - xy_arr[i][1])**2)
    return temp

## Yehuda Vardi and Cun-Hui Zhang
## http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30299267/geometric-median-of-multidimensional-points
## user: orlp
def geometric_median(X, eps=1e-5):
    y = np.mean(X, 0)

    while True:
        D = cdist(X, [y])
        nonzeros = (D != 0)[:, 0]
        Dinv = 1 / D[nonzeros]
        Dinvs = np.sum(Dinv)
        W = Dinv / Dinvs
        T = np.sum(W * X[nonzeros], 0)
        num_zeros = len(X) - np.sum(nonzeros)
        if num_zeros == 0:
            y1 = T
        elif num_zeros == len(X):
            return y
        else:
            R = (T - y) * Dinvs
            r = np.linalg.norm(R)
            rinv = 0 if r == 0 else num_zeros/r
            y1 = max(0, 1-rinv)*T + min(1, rinv)*y
        if np.linalg.norm(y - y1) < eps:
            return y1
        y = y1

## set the driver for the data
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")

## path to the FileGDB
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"

## ope the GDB in write mode (1)
ds = driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## input feature class
input_lyr_name = "Birmingham_Secondary_Schools"

## name of output feature class
output_fc = "{0}_median_center".format(input_lyr_name)

## reference the layer using the layers name
if input_lyr_name in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    lyr = ds.GetLayerByName(input_lyr_name)
    print "{0} found in {1}".format(input_lyr_name, gdb)

## if the output layer already exists then delete it
if output_fc in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

## create an array with coordinates of each feature
try:
    first_feat = lyr.GetFeature(1)
    ## centroid for points and polygons
    if first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["POINT", "MULTIPOINT", "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, pt in enumerate(lyr):
            ft_geom = pt.geometry()
            xy_arr[i] = (ft_geom.Centroid().GetX(), ft_geom.Centroid().GetY())

    ## for lines we get the midpoint of a line
    elif first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["LINESTRING", "MULTILINESTRING"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, ln in enumerate(lyr):
            line_geom = ln.geometry().ExportToWkt()
            shapely_line = MultiLineString(wkt.loads(line_geom))
            midpoint = shapely_line.interpolate(shapely_line.length/2)
            xy_arr[i] = (midpoint.x, midpoint.y)

except Exception:
    print "Unknown geometry for {}".format(input_lyr_name)
    sys.exit()

## if using Weiszfield
if algorithm == "W":
    ## https://gist.github.com/endolith/2837160
    avg_x, avg_y = np.mean(xy_arr, axis=0)
    test_median = [avg_x, avg_y]
    numIter = 50

## minimise the objective function
for x in range(0,numIter):
    denom = denomsum(test_median,xy_arr)
    nextx = 0.0
    nexty = 0.0

    for y in range(0,len(xy_arr)):
        nextx += (xy_arr[y][0] * numersum(test_median,xy_arr[y]))/denom
        nexty += (xy_arr[y][1] * numersum(test_median,xy_arr[y]))/denom

    test_median = [nextx,nexty]

## if using Yehuda Vardi and Cun-Hui Zhang
elif algorithm == "YC":
    test_median = geometric_median(xy_arr)

print "Median Center: {0}, {1}".format(test_median[0], test_median[1])

## create a new point layer with the same spatial ref as lyr
out_lyr = ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, lyr.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPoint)

## define and create new fields
x_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("X", ogr.OFTReal)
y_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Y", ogr.OFTReal)
out_lyr.CreateField(x_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(y_fld)

## create a new point for the mean center
pnt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
pnt.AddPoint(test_median[0], test_median[1])

## add the mean center to the new layer
feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
feat.SetGeometry(pnt)
feat.SetField("X", test_median[0])
feat.SetField("Y", test_median[1])
out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)

print "Created {0}".format(output_fc)

## free up resources
del ds, lyr, first_feat, feat, out_lyr

I’d like to give credit to…
Logan Byers from GIS StackExchange who aided in speeding up the computational time using NumPy and for forcing me to begin learning the wonders of NumPy.
orlp from Stack Overflow for their implementation of Yehuda Vardi and Cun-Hui Zhang’s algorithm for the geometric median.
Daniel J Lewis (I think) for the implementation of the Weiszfeld algorithm.

The Example:

I downloaded vector data that contains polygons for schools (and other features) from OS Open Map – Local that covered the West Midlands. I also downloaded OS Boundary Line data. Using Python and GDAL/OGR I extracted secondary schools from the data for Birmingham only. Everything was now in place to find the Median Center of all Secondary Schools for Birmingham. (see The Other Scripts section at the bottom of this post for processing the data)

Running the script from The Code section above calculates the coordinates of the Median Center for Secondary Schools in Birmingham and creates a point feature class in the File GDB.

OSGP Median Center (W): 407658.278755, 286696.905759
OSGP Median Center (YC): 407658.278752, 286696.905769
ArcGIS Median Center: 407658.009375, 286697.53996

What’s Next?

Weighted Mean Center (link will be updated once post is ready)

Also See…

Mean Center
Central Feature

The Resources:

ESRI Guide to GIS Volume 2: Chapter 2
see book review here.

Geoprocessing with Python

Python GDAL/OGR Cookbook

Setting up GDAL/OGR with FileGDB Driver for Python on Windows

< The Other Scripts >

Birmingham Secondary Schools

from osgeo import ogr
import os

## necessary drivers
shp_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
gdb_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")

## input boundary shapefile and file reference file gdb
shapefile = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Schools\Data\GB\district_borough_unitary_region.shp"
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"

shp_ds = shp_driver.Open(shapefile, 0)
gdb_ds = gdb_driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## filter boundary to just Birmingham
shp_layer = shp_ds.GetLayer(0)
shp_layer.SetAttributeFilter("NAME = 'Birmingham District (B)'")

## name the output
output_fc = "Birmingham_Secondary_Schools"

## if the output feature class already exists then delete it
if output_fc in [gdb_ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(gdb_ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    gdb_ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

## create the output feature class
out_lyr = gdb_ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, shp_layer.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPolygon)

## the folder that contains the data to extract Secondary Schools from
root_folder = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Schools\Vector\data"

## traverse through the folders and find ImportantBuildings files
## copy only those that intersect the Birmingham region
## transfer across attributes
count = 1
for root,dirs,files in os.walk(root_folder):
    for filename in files:
        if filename.endswith("ImportantBuilding.shp") and filename[0:2] in ["SP", "SO", "SJ", "SK"]:
            shp_path = "{0}\\{1}".format(root, filename)
            schools_ds = shp_driver.Open(shp_path, 0)
            schools_lyr = schools_ds.GetLayer(0)
            schools_lyr.SetAttributeFilter("CLASSIFICA = 'Secondary Education'")
            lyr_def = schools_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
            if count == 1:
                for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
                    out_lyr.CreateField(lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i))
                count += 1
            shp_layer.ResetReading()
            for shp_feat in shp_layer:
                birm_geom = shp_feat.GetGeometryRef()

                for school_feat in schools_lyr:
                    school_geom = school_feat.GetGeometryRef()

                    if school_geom.Intersects(birm_geom):
                        feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
                        feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
                        feat.SetGeometry(school_geom)
                        for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
                            feat.SetField(lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i).GetNameRef(), school_feat.GetField(i))

                        out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)
                        feat.Destroy()

del shp_ds, shp_layer, gdb_ds

The Usual 🙂

As always please feel free to comment to help make the code more efficient, highlight errors, or let me know if this was of any use to you.

OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Central Feature

Posted on March 21, 2017 by clubdebambos

(Open Source Geospatial Python)

The ‘What is it?’

The Central Feature is the point that is the shortest distance to all other points in the dataset and thus identifies the most centrally located feature. The Central Feature can be used to find the most accessible feature, for example, the most accessible school to hold a training day for teachers from schools in a given area.

The Formula!

For each feature calculate the total distance to all other features. The feature that has the shortest total distance is the Central Feature.

For Point features the X and Y coordinates of each feature is used, for Polygons the centroid of each feature represents the X and Y coordinate to use, and for Linear features the mid-point of each line is used for the X and Y coordinate

The Code…

from osgeo import ogr
from shapely.geometry import MultiLineString
from shapely import wkt
import numpy as np

## set the driver for the data
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")
## path to the FileGDB
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"
## open the GDB in write mode (1)
ds = driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## input layer
input_lyr_name = "Birmingham_Secondary_Schools"

## output layer
output_fc = "{0}_central_feature".format(input_lyr_name)

## reference the layer using the layers name
if input_lyr_name in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    lyr = ds.GetLayerByName(input_lyr_name)
    print "{0} found in {1}".format(input_lyr_name, gdb)

## delete the output layer if it already exists
if output_fc in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

## for each point or polygon in the layer
## get the x and y value of the centroid
## and add them into a numpy array
try:
    first_feat = lyr.GetFeature(1)
    if first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["POINT", "MULTIPOINT", "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, pt in enumerate(lyr):
            ft_geom = pt.geometry()
            xy_arr[i] = (ft_geom.Centroid().GetX(), ft_geom.Centroid().GetY())

    ## for linear features we get the midpoint of a line
    elif first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["LINESTRING", "MULTILINESTRING"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, ln in enumerate(lyr):
            line_geom = ln.geometry().ExportToWkt()
            shapely_line = MultiLineString(wkt.loads(line_geom))
            midpoint = shapely_line.interpolate(shapely_line.length/2)
            xy_arr[i] = (midpoint.x, midpoint.y)

## exit gracefully if unknown geometry or input contains no geometry
except Exception:
    print "Unknown Geometry for {0}".format(input_lyr_name)

## construct NxN array, this will be the distance matrix
pt_dist_arr = np.ndarray((len(xy_arr), len(xy_arr)), dtype=np.float)

## fill the distance array
for i, a in enumerate(xy_arr):
    for j, b in enumerate(xy_arr):
        pt_dist_arr[i,j] = np.linalg.norm(a-b)

## sum distances for each point
summed_distances = np.sum(pt_dist_arr, axis=0)

## index of point with minimum summed distances
index_central_feat = np.argmin(summed_distances)

## position of the point with min distance
central_x, central_y = xy_arr[index_central_feat]

print "Central Feature Coords: {0}, {1}".format(central_x, central_y)

## create a new point layer with the same spatial ref as lyr
out_lyr = ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, lyr.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPoint)

## define and create new fields
x_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("X", ogr.OFTReal)
y_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Y", ogr.OFTReal)
out_lyr.CreateField(x_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(y_fld)

## create a new point for the mean center
pnt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
pnt.AddPoint(central_x, central_y)

## add the mean center to the new layer
feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
feat.SetGeometry(pnt)
feat.SetField("X", central_x)
feat.SetField("Y", central_y)
out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)

print "Created: {0}".format(output_fc)

## free up resources
del ds, lyr, first_feat, feat, out_lyr

I’d like to give credit to Logan Byers from GIS StackExchange who aided in speeding up the computational time using NumPy and for forcing me to begin learning the wonders of NumPy.

At the moment this is significantly slower that performing the same process with ArcGIS for 20,000+ features, but more rapid for a lower amount. 1,000 features processed in 3 seconds.

The Example:

I downloaded vector data that contains polygons for schools from OS Open Map – Local that covered the West Midlands. I also downloaded OS Boundary Line data. Using Python and GDAL/OGR I extracted secondary schools from the data for Birmingham. Everything was now in place to find the Central Feature of all Secondary Schools for Birmingham. (see The Other Scripts section at the bottom of this post for processing the data)

Running the script from The Code section above calculates the coordinates of the Central Feature for all Secondary Schools and creates a point feature class in the File GDB.

OSGP Central Feature: 407726.185, 287215.1
ArcGIS Central Feature: 407726.185, 287215.1

What’s Next?

Median Center (link will be updated once post is complete)

Also see…

Mean Center

The Resources:

ESRI Guide to GIS Volume 2: Chapter 2 (I highly recommend this book)
see book review here.

Geoprocessing with Python

Python GDAL/OGR Cookbook

Setting up GDAL/OGR with FileGDB Driver for Python on Windows

< The Other Scripts >

Birmingham Secondary Schools

from osgeo import ogr
import os

## necessary drivers
shp_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
gdb_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")

## input boundary shapefile and file reference file gdb
shapefile = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Schools\Data\GB\district_borough_unitary_region.shp"
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"

shp_ds = shp_driver.Open(shapefile, 0)
gdb_ds = gdb_driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## filter boundary to just Birmingham
shp_layer = shp_ds.GetLayer(0)
shp_layer.SetAttributeFilter("NAME = 'Birmingham District (B)'")

## name the output
output_fc = "Birmingham_Secondary_Schools"

## if the output feature class already exists then delete it
if output_fc in [gdb_ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(gdb_ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    gdb_ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

## create the output feature class
out_lyr = gdb_ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, shp_layer.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPolygon)

## the folder that contains the data to extract Secondary Schools from
root_folder = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Schools\Vector\data"

## traverse through the folders and find ImportantBuildings files
## copy only those that intersect the Birmingham region
## transfer across attributes
count = 1
for root,dirs,files in os.walk(root_folder):
    for filename in files:
        if filename.endswith("ImportantBuilding.shp") and filename[0:2] in ["SP", "SO", "SJ", "SK"]:
            shp_path = "{0}\\{1}".format(root, filename)
            schools_ds = shp_driver.Open(shp_path, 0)
            schools_lyr = schools_ds.GetLayer(0)
            schools_lyr.SetAttributeFilter("CLASSIFICA = 'Secondary Education'")
            lyr_def = schools_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
            if count == 1:
                for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
                    out_lyr.CreateField(lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i))
                count += 1
            shp_layer.ResetReading()
            for shp_feat in shp_layer:
                birm_geom = shp_feat.GetGeometryRef()

                for school_feat in schools_lyr:
                    school_geom = school_feat.GetGeometryRef()

                    if school_geom.Intersects(birm_geom):
                        feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
                        feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
                        feat.SetGeometry(school_geom)
                        for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
                            feat.SetField(lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i).GetNameRef(), school_feat.GetField(i))

                        out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)
                        feat.Destroy()

del shp_ds, shp_layer, gdb_ds

The Usual 🙂

As always please feel free to comment to help make the code more efficient, highlight errors, or let me know if this was of any use to you.

OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Mean Center

Posted on March 21, 2017 by clubdebambos

(Open Source Geospatial Python)

The ‘What is it?’

The Mean Center is the average X coordinate and Y coordinate for all features in a study area and is the simplest descriptor of a geographic distribution. The Mean Center is generally used to track the changes in a features distribution over time and can also be used to compare the distribution of multiple features.

The Mean Center is also known as the Geographic Center or Center of Concentration for a set of features.

You would calculate the Mean Center for features where there is no travel interaction between the Center and the features of the study. Basically, use it for a study where each event that happens is a recorded location, for example a burglary for crime analysis, or the sighting of wombat for wildlife studies.

The Formula!

The Code…

from osgeo import ogr
from shapely.geometry import MultiLineString
from shapely import wkt
import numpy as np
import sys

## set the driver for the data
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")
## path to the FileGDB
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"
## ope the GDB in write mode (1)
ds = driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## input layer
input_lyr_name = "Birmingham_Burglaries_2016"

## the output layer
output_fc = "{0}_mean_center".format(input_lyr_name)

## reference the layer using the layers name
if input_lyr_name in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    lyr = ds.GetLayerByName(input_lyr_name)
    print "{0} found in {1}".format(input_lyr_name, gdb)

## delete the output feature class if it already exists
if output_fc in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

try:
    ## assess the geometry of the input feature class
    first_feat = lyr.GetFeature(1)
    ## for each point or polygon in the layer 
    ## get the x and y value of the centroid 
    ## store in a numpy array
    if first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["POINT", "MULTIPOINT", "POLYGON", "MULTIPOLYGON"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, pt in enumerate(lyr):
            ft_geom = pt.geometry()
            xy_arr[i] = (ft_geom.Centroid().GetX(), ft_geom.Centroid().GetY())

    ## for lineear we get the midpoint of a line
    elif first_feat.geometry().GetGeometryName() in ["LINESTRING", "MULTILINESTRING"]:
        xy_arr = np.ndarray((len(lyr), 2), dtype=np.float)
        for i, ln in enumerate(lyr):
            line_geom = ln.geometry().ExportToWkt()
            shapely_line = MultiLineString(wkt.loads(line_geom))
            midpoint = shapely_line.interpolate(shapely_line.length/2)
            xy_arr[i] = (midpoint.x, midpoint.y)

## exit gracefully if unknown geometry or input contains no geometry
except Exception:
    print "Unknown geometry for {0}".format(input_lyr_name)
    sys.exit()

avg_x, avg_y = np.mean(xy_arr, axis=0)

print "Mean Center: {0}, {1}".format(avg_x, avg_y)

## create a new point layer with the same spatial ref as input layer
out_lyr = ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, lyr.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPoint)

## define and create new fields to hold the mean center coordinates
x_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("X", ogr.OFTReal)
y_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Y", ogr.OFTReal)
out_lyr.CreateField(x_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(y_fld)

## create a new point geom for the mean center
pnt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
pnt.AddPoint(avg_x, avg_y)

## add the mean center point to the new layer with attributes
feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
feat.SetGeometry(pnt)
feat.SetField("X", avg_x)
feat.SetField("Y", avg_y)
out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)

print "Created: {0}".format(output_fc)

## free up resources
del ds, lyr, first_feat, feat, out_lyr

I’d like to give credit to Logan Byers from GIS StackExchange who aided in speeding up the computational time using NumPy and for forcing me to begin learning the wonders of NumPy.

The Example:

I downloaded crime data from DATA.POLICE.UK for the West Midlands Police from January 2016 to December 2016. I used some Python to extract just the Burglary data and made this into a feature class in the File GDB. Next, I downloaded OS Boundary Line data and clipped the Burglary data to just Birmingham. Everything was now in place to find the Mean Center of all burglaries for Birmingham in 2016. (see The Other Scripts section at the bottom of this post for processing the data)

Running the script from The Code section above calculates the Mean Center of all burglaries for 2016 and created a point feature class in the File GDB.

OSGP Mean Center: 407926.695396, 286615.428507
ArcGIS Mean Center: 407926.695396, 286615.428507

What’s Next?…

Central Feature

The Resources:

ESRI Guide to GIS Volume 2: Chapter 2 (I highly recommend this book)
see book review here.

Geoprocessing with Python

Python GDAL/OGR Cookbook

Setting up GDAL/OGR with FileGDB Driver for Python on Windows

< The Other Scripts >

1. Extract Burglary Data for West Midlands

import csv, os
from osgeo import ogr, osr

## set the driver for the data
driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")

## path to the FileGDB
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"

## ope the GDB in write mode (1)
ds = driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## the coordinates in the csv files are lat/long
source = osr.SpatialReference()
source.ImportFromEPSG(4326)

## we need the data in British National Grid
target = osr.SpatialReference()
target.ImportFromEPSG(27700)

transform = osr.CoordinateTransformation(source, target)

## set the output fc name
output_fc = "WM_Burglaries_2016"

## if the output fc already exists delete it
if output_fc in [ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

out_lyr = ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, target, ogr.wkbPoint)

## define and create new fields
mnth_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Month", ogr.OFTString)
rep_by_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Reported_by", ogr.OFTString)
fls_wthn_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Falls_within", ogr.OFTString)
loc_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Location", ogr.OFTString)
lsoa_c_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("LSOA_code", ogr.OFTString)
lsoa_n_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("LSOA_name", ogr.OFTString)
crime_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Crime_type", ogr.OFTString)
outcome_fld = ogr.FieldDefn("Last_outcome", ogr.OFTString)

out_lyr.CreateField(mnth_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(rep_by_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(fls_wthn_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(loc_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(lsoa_c_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(lsoa_n_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(crime_fld)
out_lyr.CreateField(outcome_fld)

## where the downloaded csv files reside
root_folder = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Crime"

## for each csv
for root,dirs,files in os.walk(root_folder):
    for filename in files:
        if filename.endswith(".csv"):
            csv_path = "{0}\\{1}".format(root, filename)
            with open(csv_path, "rb") as csvfile:
                reader = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=",")
                next(reader,None)
                ## create a point with attributes for each burglary
                for row in reader:
                    if row[9] == "Burglary":
                        pnt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
                        pnt.AddPoint(float(row[4]), float(row[5]))
                        pnt.Transform(transform)
                        feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
                        feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
                        feat.SetGeometry(pnt)
                        feat.SetField("Month", row[1])
                        feat.SetField("Reported_by", row[2])
                        feat.SetField("Falls_within", row[3])
                        feat.SetField("Location", row[6])
                        feat.SetField("LSOA_code", row[7])
                        feat.SetField("LSOA_name", row[8])
                        feat.SetField("Crime_type", row[9])
                        feat.SetField("Last_outcome", row[10])
                        out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)

del ds, feat, out_lyr

2. Birmingham Burglaries Only

from osgeo import ogr

## required drivers
shp_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
gdb_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("FileGDB")

## input boundary shapefile and file gdb
shapefile = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\Crime\Data\GB\district_borough_unitary_region.shp"
gdb = r"C:\Users\Glen B\Documents\my_geodata.gdb"

## open the shapefile in read mode and gdb in write mode
shp_ds = shp_driver.Open(shapefile, 0)
gdb_ds = gdb_driver.Open(gdb, 1)

## reference the necessary layers
shp_layer = shp_ds.GetLayer(0)
gdb_layer = gdb_ds.GetLayerByName("WM_Burglaries_2016")

## filter the shapefile
shp_layer.SetAttributeFilter("NAME = 'Birmingham District (B)'")

## set the name for the output feature class
output_fc = "Birmingham_Burglaries_2016"

## if the output already exists then delete it
if output_fc in [gdb_ds.GetLayerByIndex(lyr_name).GetName() for lyr_name in range(gdb_ds.GetLayerCount())]:
    gdb_ds.DeleteLayer(output_fc)
    print "Deleting: {0}".format(output_fc)

## create an output layer
out_lyr = gdb_ds.CreateLayer(output_fc, shp_layer.GetSpatialRef(), ogr.wkbPoint)

## copy the schema from the West Midlands burglaries
## and use it for the Birmingham burglaries
lyr_def = gdb_layer.GetLayerDefn()
for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
    out_lyr.CreateField (lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i))

## only get burglaries that intersect the Birmingham region
for shp_feat in shp_layer:
    print shp_feat.GetField("NAME")
    birm_geom = shp_feat.GetGeometryRef()
    for gdb_feat in gdb_layer:
        burglary_geom = gdb_feat.GetGeometryRef()
        if burglary_geom.Intersects(birm_geom):
            feat_dfn = out_lyr.GetLayerDefn()
            feat = ogr.Feature(feat_dfn)
            feat.SetGeometry(burglary_geom)

            ## populate the attribute table
            for i in range(lyr_def.GetFieldCount()):
                feat.SetField(lyr_def.GetFieldDefn(i).GetNameRef(), gdb_feat.GetField(i))
            ## create the feature
            out_lyr.CreateFeature(feat)
            feat.Destroy()

del shp_ds, shp_layer, gdb_ds, gdb_layer

The Usual 🙂

As always please feel free to comment to help make the code more efficient, highlight errors, or let me know if this was of any use to you.

Setting up GDAL/OGR with FileGDB Driver for Python on Windows

Posted on March 10, 2017 by clubdebambos

I have decided to venture into the world of GDAL/OGR with Python with my main motivation to mimic some tools from ArcGIS for Desktop. I am hoping that this will help me to improve on a few fronts; my Python coding, increased knowledge regarding open source geospatial libraries, and to better understand the algorithms that churn away behind the scenes when you click a button in a GUI based GIS and perform some sort of geoprocessing or data analysis.

I mainly work with ESRI File Geodatabases and while I know this is not open source ESRI have an API in place to read and write to a gdb via GDAL/OGR. The first step is to setup what I need to start my journey for learning GDAL/OGR with Python for Windows. I will also install a few libraries that will help speed up some computations for more efficient geoprocessing.

I am using…
Python 2.7.13 32bit on Windows 7 Professional

1. Download and Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Service Pack

Click here to download and the install.

2. Go to Christoph Gohlke’s website and download the GDAL wheel.

Grab the GDAL whl file. I downloaded GDAL‑2.1.3‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl
Open the command prompt, change directory to where the whl was downloaded and use pip to install.

pip install "GDAL‑2.1.3‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl"

3. Get the File Geodatabase API from ESRI (you will need an ESRI account)

Go to ESRI Dowloads and download File Geodatabase API 1.3 version for Windows (Visual Studio 2008). This will be a zip folder. Open the contents of the API zipped folder and extract FileGDBAPI.dll from the bin folder to

C:\Python27\Lib\site-packages\osgeo

or wherever your site-package folder resides. Just make sure to extract it to osgeo.

4. Create a New Variable in Environmental Variables

In Advanced System Settings create a new Environmental Variable called GDAL_DRIVER_PATH and set the path to the osgeo folder in Step 5.

5. Open __init__.py from osgeo…

… and uncomment line 10.

Save the file.

6. Test the setup

Open a Python interpreter and test using…

If you do not get an errors like the screenshot above then setup has been successful.

*************************************************************************************************
OPTIONAL: these will be used in some capacity for scripting geoprocessing,

7. Download numpy + mkl wheel from the brilliant website of Christoph Gohlke

Click here and download the necessary whl file. For my setup I have downloaded numpy‑1.11.3+mkl‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl
Open up the command prompt and change directory to where the downloaded file resides. Use pip to install.

pip install "numpy‑1.11.3+mkl‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl"

8. Install SciPy

Back we go to Gohlke repository and to the SciPy Wheels. Here, I have downloaded scipy‑0.19.0‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl
Open up the command prompt if you have closed it after Step 1 and change directory to where the downloaded file can be found.
Use pip to install.

pip install "scipy‑0.19.0‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl"

9. Install Shapely

You got it, go back to Gohlke and download the Shapely whl file. I grabbed Shapely‑1.5.17‑cp27‑cp27m‑win32.whl. Use pip to install similar to Steps 7 and 8.

Now to immerse myself in learning mode and put GDAL/OGR to some use. Check out OSGP#1.1: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Mean Center for the first attempt.

Geospatiality

make geospatial your speciality

Tag Archives: OGR

OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Median Center

OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Central Feature

OSGP: Measuring Geographic Distributions – Mean Center

Setting up GDAL/OGR with FileGDB Driver for Python on Windows